Climate Change - Global warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environmental Change - Global warming - Research Paper Example So talking about environmental change we don't mean the current day changes however we look them through in the examination with numerous years' information. Atmosphere incorporates such highlights as the normal temperature, measure of the rainfalls, number of bright days and other variable boundaries which are diverse in the better places of the Earth. Simultaneously there are a few procedures that can impact states of the specific district as well as huge regions on the planet. So we can talk about environmental change. There are a few meanings of this term is generally utilized today. The Oxford word reference (2014) gives us the definition â€Å"A change in worldwide or provincial atmosphere designs, specifically a change obvious from the mid to late twentieth century onwards and credited to a great extent to the expanded degrees of barometrical carbon dioxide created by the utilization of fossil fuels.† and the NOAA (2014) characterized it as â€Å"A non-irregular change in atmosphere that is estimated more than a very long while or more. The change might be because of common or human-initiated causes.† For assurance of environmental change such records as changes of the normal climate boundaries and changes in the recurrence of outrageous climate marvels are utilized. The reasons cause atmosphere changes are dynamic procedures on the Earth, outside impacts, for example, changes in the sun spreads and in the ongoing years - human exercises. Present day environmental change towards the warming is called â€Å"Global warming†. There are a ton of examinations that show changes of meteorological records and their effect on worldwide atmosphere changes and furthermore the human life. Crafted by Sippel and Otto (2014) is centers around an ongoing blistering and dry summer with extraordinary multi-day heat waves. Their own outcomes and examinations of the writing show that force and recurrence of month to month and 5-day warm temperature boundaries in summer have expanded

Why Students Dont Read Newspaper free essay sample

Why understudies don’t read paper? Presently days the greater part of understudies don’t read paper for certain reasons. Understudies don’t care about the news and they are sluggish, some of them state that I don’t like to peruse in light of the fact that I generally read and study, and some of them express that no compelling reason to peruse paper on the grounds that the decaying of innovation. In this exposition I might want to discuss this point and the reasons of why understudies don’t read paper. The reasons that I need to discuss it is the internet People can utilize TV, radio, and web to know the news. This is on the grounds that, a large portion of them will in general tune in and observe instead of read so as to assist them with comprehension about the news profoundly and correctly. What's more, they can set aside their cash just as spare their time since they don't have to purchase the paper each day and they can do different works while listen the news through the radio and TV. We will compose a custom article test on Why Students Dont Read Newspaper or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Understudies experience issues to peruse paper due to the time requirement. They are excessively occupied in working or concentrating until they need more time to peruse the paper. Besides, perusing paper can burn through their time since they need to leave different works so as to peruse paper as it were. To put it plainly, perusing paper can't assist understudies with saving their time. On the other handâ the cost to purchase the paper is very costly particularly for understudies. The majority of them need more cash to purchase food and different necessaries in the event that they utilize their cash to purchase paper each day. At that point, it can lead them to squander their cash so as to get exceptional data as it were. Along these lines, perusing paper isn't generally significant for understudies. There are preferences to peruse the paper. Papers have gotten a significant extra of the morning meal table. Papers give us data about our general surroundings. They keep the individuals in contact with the progressions occurring on the planet. We additionally create cosmopolitan standpoint on the grounds that by perusing papers we no longer think about our own town or our nation rather we think about the world in general. The issues of the world are the issues of individuals in general. Because of it, individuals build up a superior kind of viewpoint. In a vote based system the papers assume a significant job. They keep the individuals educated regarding the software engineers and arrangements of the legislature. Additionally, they likewise keep the legislature familiar with the inclination, wants and complaints of the individuals. Along these lines, in a vote based system, papers assume a double job and attempt to overcome any issues between the administration and the individuals. Taking everything into account, I might want to state that the understudy should peruse the paper and utilize the web, in light of the fact that them two are significant in our life. A portion of the understudies don't have web for that he should peruse the news and that will help him in his investigation by giving him information on everything. Reference: www. allfreessay. com

More Milk Please

More Milk Please MIT is a lot like a bowl of milk. A really really big bowl of milk. The students, accordingly, are a lot like tiny kittens (or any milk-loving entity of your choice). How big is this bowl of milk exactly? Well, I don’t know. Stop trying to pick apart my metaphor before it’s gotten anywhere. The truth is, like perhaps many of the 1,116 freshmen in the class of 2017, right now, I’m feeling a little overwhelmed. Before me lies a seemingly endless expanse of liquid lactose and my milk-loving self is struggling to take it all in. Don’t get me wrong. I love it here already. Sure, the psets are already rolling in, the reading is piling up, and the grand total of my high school knowledge is quickly being surpassed. But when I say “overwhelmed”, I don’t mean stressed out or crushed. I certainly don’t feel anything like the Roman troops did when they were overwhelmed by the barbarians (thank you Dictionary.com for your invaluable sample sentences). Maybe overwhelmed isn’t even the word I’m looking for here. Is there a word for being utterly thrilled, pleasantly surprised, happily exhausted, exorbitantly eager, and possibly a little bit nervous all at the same time? Probably not. But there should be. Because how else is one supposed to describe the experience of plunging headfirst into MIT? Oh yeah. GIFs. Im new here and maybe I just havent properly learned how to drink from the milk bowl of MIT. Im guessing this skill comes later on. You dont really see too many old, one eyed cats flailing around in bowls of milk. One day I too shall be an old, one eyed cat who has learned the art of maintaining a balanced and fulfilled life in college. I arrived on campus for FUP (the Freshman Urban Program aka the best FPOP out there) and since then, I have been careening through two and a half weeks of volunteer work, friendly introductions, REX events, orientation meetings, scheduling dilemmas, and, most recently, the infamous classes. At the activities midway, a two hour event in which many of MITs over 300 student groups and organizations set up booths in the Z center ice rink, I found myself surrounded by enthusiastic students spreading the word about their favorite activities while passing out free food and objects of questionable utility (i.e. a rubber duck). So many groups, so little time. I ended up putting my name down for more clubs than I could possibly join and I expect my inbox to be flooded with information session invitations and emails about introductory events. People are always saying that college is a time for reinventing yourself, so why not start by trying something new? While I can’t yet say whether or not this shotgun method of expanding my horizons is effective, I can say that its best to keep an open mind when it comes to stepping outside of your comfort zone. Who knows, maybe my one true calling is mastering the art of chocolate, or discovering the finer points of poutine and hockey.* *real, awesome clubs listed on the Association of Student Activities website Unfortunately, I won’t be able to do justice to all of the crazy things that have happened to me in these two and a half weeks in just one measly blog post. Even just my adventures through freshmen registration, the course listings and the sometimes confusing GIRs (General Institute Requirements) could fill a couple pages. Let’s just say I finally settled on my fall semester schedule after quite a few trips to the advising offices, a handful of emails, and hours spent culling information from helpful upperclassmen and discerning the difference between courses starting with the numbers 3, 12, 24, and 7 etc. (1732 points for already knowing the difference. Points can be redeemed for a choice of: absolutely nothing or a healthy dose of self-satisfaction) While being a freshman can certainly be overwhelming, there are always people here at MIT who are willing to lend a hand. And now, for your viewing pleasure, my schedule: 7.012 Introductory Biology 5.112 Principles of Chemical Science 8.01 Physics I 24.09 Minds and Machines Some people compare the MIT experience to drinking out of a fire hose. To me, that experience sounds far too violent and uncomfortable. From my experience, albeit a limited one, I’d much rather imagine MIT as a giant bowl of milk in which thousands of motivated undergraduate and graduate kittens can frolic in and drink from. As we return to the original metaphor, I might be covered in milk now and out of breath from my milk bowl acrobatics, but I’m enjoying every second of it. I’m sure some jaded upperclassman is reading this and laughing at my wide-eyed enthusiasm. Silly freshman, just wait until you learn the true meaning of IHTFP, they mumble under their coffee-tinged breath. But until then, I won’t cry over all the milk I’ve spilled in the process or the countless times that I will inevitably slip. I can’t physically try everything that MIT has to offer and I understand that. As my fellow freshmen and I prepare for week two of classes, there is only one thing left to say. Moar milk plz.

How to Define Atmosphere

The term atmosphere has multiple meanings in science: Atmosphere Definition Atmosphere refers to the gases surrounding a star or planetary body held in place by gravity. A body is more likely to retain an atmosphere over time if gravity is high and the temperature of the atmosphere is low. The composition of the Earths atmosphere is about 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen, 0.9 percent argon, with water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases. The atmospheres of other planets have a different composition. The composition of the Suns atmosphere consists of about 71.1 percent hydrogen, 27.4 percent helium, and 1.5 percent other elements. Atmosphere Unit An atmosphere is also a unit of pressure. One atmosphere (1 atm) is defined to be equal to 101,325 Pascals. A reference or standard pressure is commonly 1 atm. In other cases, Standard Temperature and Pressure or STP is used.

My Independent Study On Resilience - 741 Words

In starting my Independent Study on resilience, I have decided to break down my research into three phases; staring with gathering and reading information on the topic. I wanted to begin with a few articles that could provide a brief overview on the subject. The recent death of Nelson Mandela has sparked many remarkable findings about the power of the human spirit. In the article written by Samuel F. Mikail, Never Giving Up: Dimensions of Human Resilience, Mikail offers a very informative overview on what we have learned from research on the nature of individual and community resilience. The article raises one major question; â€Å"How can any human, after enduring such restrictions, beatings, hard labor, and deprivation forgive his oppressors?† Mikail (2014). Dr. Samuel F.Mikail is a clinical psychologist who is involved in the training of psychologists and group therapists in Canada. He has offered consultation and has led numerous workshops on a variety of topics for mental health professionals. Scholars define resilience as the outcome of successful adaptation to adversity (Zutra, Hall, Murray, 2010). Resilience is the ability to recover from adversities challenges in a manner that leaves an individual more flexible and better able to meet future challenges. Resilience involves an ability to react creatively and constructively to change while recognizing that change is an ongoing part of life (Mikail, 2014). Zutra and Hall identify two core dimensions of resilience:Show MoreRelatedThe Science Of Resilience By Bari Walsh974 Words   |  4 Pages In the science of resilience, Bari Walsh defines the meaning of resilience by using Jack Shankov’s definition - â€Å"a positive, adaptive response in the face of significant adversity†. (gse.harvard). Basically resilience is the capacity to quickly recover from toughness of life. As a first college student nearing the end of semester, we begin to face many tough situations such as more responsibility as student, being independent, time management and finances. How ever, there is a way for firstRead MoreThe Roots Of Physician Well Being1497 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Medical Students: Professionalism and Fitness to Practice†3 respectively. Such reports are available for medical educators, students, doctors, as well as the general public. Of the numerous qualities that must be presented, acting with Probity, Resilience, and Conscientiousness are three main features I will be discussing in this essay. 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After obtaining my PhD, I aspire to become a tenured faculty member at a research university, using my rese arch and clinical training to enhance the understanding of the etiology, course, and treatment of eating disorders. As an established researcher, I will leverage my research by writing grants to address my research hypotheses and disseminate my findings in journals and conferences. Additionally, IRead MoreImmigrating And The United States1644 Words   |  7 PagesStates When I was seventeen years old and in my last year of high school, I came to the United States with my mother and left my father and siblings. When my mom immigrated in 2008, she left her business and decided to start a new adventure that might provide her more financial stability. Ever since I was a child, my family owned a furniture factory and a store. After my parent s divorce, my mother kept the house and my father the company. 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However, when my older sister, Melissa, began to struggle with an eating disorder, I saw the detrimental effects that occur when this healthy lifestyle is amplified to an all-consuming extreme. Witnessing the immense ramifications and toil that this disorder had on her instigated my interestRead MoreVolunteering At The Mary Manning Walsh Nursing Home Essay937 Words   |  4 Pages Volunteering at the Mary Manning Walsh Nursing Home over the summer was an invaluable experience. As I became more comfortable, I began extending my duties beyond physical tasks such as serving food or transporting residents. I started interacting with the residents on a more personal level, not as a volunteer, but more as a friend. In return, the residents became increasingly open, and the nurses watched as I conversed with residents they had deemed as reserved. Sometimes when I helped residentsRead MoreMy Journey Towards Studying Microbial Infections1226 Words   |  5 PagesStatement of Purpose Over the past sixteen years, my insatiable thirst for delving deep into Microbiology coupled with my profound aptitude for research has inspired me to pursue a Ph.D. My journey towards this aim began with the incident when I was ten and my brother, seven, and he had chicken pox. I had to stay away from him during the quarantine period and the curiosity led to a mini research project, which fuelled my interest in studying microbial infections. Since then this circuitous ride hasRead MoreStrengths And Weaknesses Of The Social Worker1127 Words   |  5 PagesAfter carefully reading case study three, I have decided to use the Strengths Perspective to address the issues faced by the individuals involved in this case study. In social work practice, the strengths perspective has materialized as an alternate for more common pathology-oriented method to assisting clients. As an alternative to focusing on clients glitches and shortfalls, the strengths perspective hubs on clients abilities, talents, and resources. The social worker practicing from this style

Hrm Selection Process Free Essays

string(48) " resource with which applicant can be compared\." UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN GRADUATE SCHOOL MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SELECTION PROCESS: SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS ON THE HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SUBMITTED BY: MAY O. TOLENTINO SUBMITTED TO: DR. CARMEN N. We will write a custom essay sample on Hrm: Selection Process or any similar topic only for you Order Now HERNANDEZ Selection Process: Survival of the Fittest Introduction Charles Darwin first pondered this concept in his work On the Origin of Species during the 19th century in the context of the survival and extinction of biological species. Later did Herbert Spencer coin the phrase to draw comparable idea on his economic theories. Survival of the fittest according to Darwin’s theory means that only the ones most suited to a particular environment will survive. Those who can’t adapt will surely perish, while those who can adapt will stick around, and maybe even become suited to new environments. We might ask did they discover anything that might be applicable to business in the 21st Century? Or its relevance could be also applied in human resource management more specifically in selection process? Let us think of nature and ecological systems as a vast â€Å"free market† of perfect competition, where all living organisms are competing with each other for limited resources (sunlight, water, minerals, etc. )? Synonymous as to the many job applicants competing with each other in a struggle for survival or in plain employment term- to be hired. To be chosen as the best fitted candidate among the crowd of applicants for the one coveted position is indeed collectively tend to operate in ways analogous to natural eco-systems. Is it possible that success and survival in the wild might be analogous to success and survival in the employment race? Selection can be conceptualized in terms of either choosing the fit candidates or rejecting the unfit candidates, or a combination of both. Selection process assumes that there are more candidates than the number of candidates actually selected, made possible through the recruitment process. According to Gupta (2006), selection is the process of choosing the suitable persons out of all the participants. In this process, relevant information is collected through a series of steps so as to evaluate their suitability on the job to be filled. Furthermore, selection is the process of assessing the candidates in various means and making a choice followed with an offer of employment (Graham, 1998, p. 206). Selection is an important function as no organization can achieve its goal without selecting the right people, where wrong choice would lead to wastage of time, money and spoils the environment of the organization. In this regard, scientific selection and placement of personnel will go a long way in building up a stable workforce, where it helps to reduce absenteeism and labor turnover as well as very helpful in increasing the efficiency and productivity of the organization (Dessler, 2005). Selection vs. Recruitment Selection is different from recruitment, where recruitment technically happens before selection. Recruitment involves identifying the sources of manpower and encourages them to apply for the job opening. On the other hand, selection is choosing the best out of those recruited. Recruitment aims at increasing the number of applications for more choices. According to Prasad (2005), recruitment and selection differs in terms of objective, process, technique, and outcome which are discussed as follows: Firstly, the ultimate purpose of both is to acquire suitable candidates but their immediate objectives differ, where the basic objective of recruitment is to attract maximum number of candidates so that more choices are available; the basic objective of selection is to choose best out of the available candidates. Secondly, recruitment differs from selection in terms of process, where it adopts the process of creating application as large as possible; while selection adopts the process of screening as fewer candidates or sometimes one candidate is selected. Thirdly, as to the techniques involve; recruitment techniques are not really intensive, requiring skills as against in selection process where highly specialized techniques are required. Lastly, since both are interlinked steps in the process of manpower acquisition, they differ in terms of outcome; where the outcome for recruitment is application pool which become input for selection process which on the other hand the outcome is finalizing the candidates who will be offered jobs. Factors (Conditions) for Selection Process The basic idea in selection process is to solicit maximum possible information about the candidates to ascertain their suitability for the employment; and given the fact that there are factors which affect in collecting such information (Prasad, 2005, p. 06), he proposed the following factors which determine the steps in the selection process: 1. Various steps involve in the selection process depend on the type of personnel to be selected. For example, more information is required in the selection of a manager than a subordinate worker. 2. Selection process depends on the sources of recruitment and the method that is adapted for making contact wit h prospective candidates. For example if we used tv ads, selection process is more time consuming and comprehensive whereas campus recruitment is shortened and maybe completed in a day. 3. Selection process depends on the number of candidates that are available for selection. If a large number of applicants, we also need to create various filtering points to reduce the number of applicants at a successive point while a small applicant turnout would mean lesser filtering points required. 4. Organization’s selection policy also determines the ways to be involved in the selection process. For example in JBLFMU context, where selection of industry experts as Board Members are stipulated in the policy should be an alumnus of the university and hold the highest or president position of any international sponsored shipping companies in the Philippines. Gupta suggests that the selection process can be successful if the following conditions are met: 1. Someone should have the authority to select; where this authority comes from the employment requisition as developed through analysis of the workload and workforce. 2. There must be one standard of human resource with which applicant can be compared. You read "Hrm: Selection Process" in category "Essay examples" In other words, a comprehensive job description and job specification should be available beforehand. 3. There must be a sufficient number of applicants from whom the required number of employees maybe selected. In this regard, recruitment and selection process invariably influence the whole matter of employment function in the organization. Steps in Selection Process Selection process consist of the series of steps; at each stage, facts may reveal something about a candidate that may either be a win or blow on his/her chances on the job. It is a series of barriers or challenges in which the applicant must cross. These hurdles or screens are designed to eliminate unqualified candidate at any point in the selection process. There is no exact formula or standards to be used in all organizations or for all jobs. The complexity of selection procedures increases with the level of responsibility of the position to be filled. Therefore, the strategy and method used for selecting employees varies from firm to firm or from one job to another. For instance in JBLFMU, the recruitment and selection process differs to a faculty candidate and a personnel applicant. Scholars of Human Resource Management such as Gupta, Prasad, Armstrong, and Ivancevich, suggested the following steps to be involved in employee selection process, though not necessarily to be implemented chronologically: 1. Preliminary Interview 2. Application Form 3. Selection Test (Physical, Cognitive and Personality Test) 4. Work Samples 5. Employment Interview 6. Medical Examination 7. Reference or Background Check 8. Final Approval 9. Employment 10. Induction 11. Follow-up or Evaluation Applicability of Selection Process in JBLFMU In the context of JBLFMU environment; most of the above steps in selection process are applied both on academic and non-academic personnel, however the exercise does vary from the steps. For instance, in non-academic personnel once applications are received, short listing of applicants is done by the HR officer in respect to the applied jobs, preliminary interview is organized with the respective department head, methods of assessment is done by administering various forms like taking of aptitude or job related and personality tests. Then those who passed will go to another round of final interview then final selection is done together with the department officer. Selected applicant is called to fill various forms including medical examination to effect his/her employment; if found fit is awarded offer of employment stipulating terms and conditions of employment. Duties are assigned and orientation is undertaken. But if all applicants happen to fail the standards of the selection process, the post will be advertised again for recruitment. As for academic personnel, the difference lies on the additional steps of a twice presentation of simulated teaching. Then the person to approve the teaching plantilla will include the HR Officer, Subject Area Head, Dean of the College and the university administrator. To wit based from the theories discussed above, JBLFMU abides to the following steps in selection process: 1. Screening of applications, where available applications should be short listed in respect to their qualifications and experience in correspond to the job requirement. Only applicants who fit the bill should be interviewed. For large number of applicants, aptitude test could be used to screen them. 2. Prepare for the interview, where at this step the type of interview is established, it can be I groups or individually; written or oral interview. Guideline and questions are prepared beforehand. 3. Develop factors and methods of assessment, where various score sheets and assessment forms are prepared in order to maintain consistency. 4. Conduct the interview or as for academic personnel a demo teaching, where at this stage applicants are given equal chance to demonstrate their strength and capabilities in respect to the requirement of the job. 5. To undertake cross referencing for interviewees. Check resumes for related experiences and background check. 6. Communicating the decision to the candidates. At this stage the applicant is informed of the result via letter or phone call. The chosen candidate will be asked to come and fill required forms to effect the employment. 7. Requiring a medical examination on the selected applicant to avoid future problems that might affect job performance. 8. Offering letter of employment and filling required forms to effect employment functions, where in that contract stipulates terms and conditions of employment. 9. Placement and orientation. It is at this step the JBLFMU selection process ends, where the employed applicant is endorsed under his/her supervisor followed by a company orientation. Conclusion Therefore, the basic objective of selection is to hire those candidates that are suitable or fitted for the position with a high probability of job success. A multiple hurdle plan is the best selection strategy. Selection hurdles or tests include pre-employment inquiries, application forms, initial screening interviews, background investigations, teaching demo for academic applicants and interviews. Also, recruiting and selecting the right people for the company is a challenge, and every situation is unique. JBLFMU should be innovative, persistent and realistic, and can communicate the strength of the institution and the benefits of the position offered to attract high quality employees to build careers in the organization. Survival of the fittest in selection process perspective redounds to matching the best qualified candidate to fit the requisites or requirements of the job in achieving organizational goals. This in turn will mutually benefit the individual and the organization, as they adapt to the changing environment. Bibliography Armstrong, M. (2006). A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice. (10th edition ed. ). London: Kogan Page Limited. Dessler, G. (2005). Human Resource Management. (10th edition ed. ). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Gupta, C. (2006). Human Resource Management (Rev. Edition ed. ). New Delhi: Sultan Chad and Sons. Ivancevich, J. (2003). Human Resource Management (9th Edition ed. ). New York: McGraw Hill. Prasad, L. (2005). Human Resource Management (2nd Edition ed. ). New Delhi: Sultan Chad and Sons. Rush, D. (1995). Biology: Natural Science (3rd Edition ed. ) New York: Pearson Prentice Hall. How to cite Hrm: Selection Process, Essay examples

Economics for Global Financial Crisis

Question: Discuss about the Economics for Global Financial Crisis. Answer: Introduction: The term global financial crisis inferred the fact that it is an economic difficulty through the period of worldwide which is experienced by the consumers and markets. In the words of Shiller (2012), this type of financial crisis is a barrier for achieving foster growth of the country in terms of business environment as the potential consumers want to minimize their purchasing power until the situation improves. In the year 2008, due to the collapse of Lehman Brothers, the financial services of world economy go into depression. As a result, suddenly the banks, Wall Street, stock markets and important financial firms are stopped and plummeted. According to Taylor (2013), this sudden shock increases the unemployment level along with the collapsing of trade volumes and stickiness of the liquidity market. Both developed and developing countries are badly affected in this case, and Australia implements the G20 policy which is an injection of reducing the global crisis (Lowy Institute for International Policy. 2016). In this essay, the impact of GFC on Australian economy has been analyzed critically. Furthermore, the roles of the Federal government and the Reserve Bank of Australia have been discussed in this context along with the proper economic analysis. Apart from this, the impact on foreign trade and the current condition of unemployment rate are also critically discussed here. Discussion: In the global economy market, Australia exports its goods and services to the other countries. The current survey of WTO statistics inferred the information that the trade value of Australia is just half of the national income of this country (ABC News. 2009). In this context, during the time of GFC crisis, the world trade affected severely which drags down to the main trading partners of Australia namely Japan and the US. Moreover, due to the crisis of global finance, China also recorded the slowest growth which is the root cause of falling down the demand of its products. As a result, the export amount of Australia falls in a huge amount along with the negative impact on trade value. Apart from this, the Australian economy is well known as a member of the group of the highest amount of debt in respect to income ratios throughout the world. The nature of the Australian people is to save more amount of money today for using in the future time. These people get into fear of losing their job which would lead to increase the saving amount of their earning part. Moreover, the Australian people lower their consumption and borrow less amount of money for minimizing their debt. According to Sirkeci, Cohen and Ratha (2012), the incidence of cuts the budget of production along with an increase in the unemployment rate would lead to move downward fall of the Australian economy in the recession market. The global financial crisis severely damaged the credit markets and prospective growth of the Australian economy. In this perspective, the Federal government of Australia takes suitable measures in terms of providing the guarantee in wholesale funding and deposits of the bank and the economic security of $10.4 billion by which improvement is done in the recession market (ABC News. 2009). In this perspective, to generate and boost up the economy of Australia, the Federal government wants to increase the investment amount in the market through selling the bonds to the people. In the words of Fratzscher (2012), as per the Loanable Funds theory, the government of this country wants to boost up the economy through money flow and to lower the interest rate. This strategy would help to move forward the economy from the slow down conditions. Figure 1: Loanable Funds theory Source: (As created by author) According to the above figure, in this current condition the Federal Government of Australia sells more amount of bonds but due to the slowdown of market growth demand also falls which ensures to drastically fall the price level of the economy (Gal 2013). In this perspective, the concerned government implements a monetary policy such as OMO, RAR, Target CR and money growth for improving the current monetary condition of the economy. Moreover, the Australian government wants to fulfill the inflation gap and out gap by applying the above-stated strategy. Furthermore, as commented by Mavroeidis, Plagborg-Mller and Stock (2014), as per the Phillips curve theory; there exists an inverse relationship between the unemployment rate and inflation rate. To maintain stability in the economy from recession situation, the government needs to lower the unemployment rate by increasing the rate of inflation (Coibion and Gorodnichenko 2015). The deflationary monetary policy moves the economy in a positive way by controlling the unemployment rate through the leftward shifts of the PC. Figure 2: Phillip curve showing the fall of PC Source: (As created by author) Apart from this, the Federal Government of Australia provides a guarantee in deposits to support the confidence level of this country. In addition, the deposited amount below to the threshold is not considered as a chargeable amount. This strategy of Australian government provides certainty to the banks, credit markets, and building societies along with adding positive strength to the financial institutions (Rao 2016). On the other hand, it would help to raise the confidence level of the customer in this consequence. Moreover, in this current scenario, the concerned government offers the wholesale funding deposit which helps to normalize the depression market situations. With the help of this process, the financial institutions of Australia can be able to increase the amount of funds overseas. In this procedure, the foreign funds and financial institutions also support them to acquire the stability of the depression economy (Budget.gov.au. 2016). Moreover, by following this strategy suggested by the Australian government, the financial sectors of this country can be able to lend the corporations, banks, businesses and households for boost up the economy. In this current scenario, the Financial Management of Australian Office gets a message by the Treasure of purchasing $8 billion amount of residential securities of mortgagebacked from the wide range of lenders belongs from Australia. As a result, it would help to expand the quantity of assets along with high quality by which the AOFM can be able to invest more in the market (Budget.gov.au. 2016). In this context, the strategy related to Economic Security is considered as the discretionary fiscal policy which enhances the GDP rate of the country. The implementation of this strategy by Australian government would accelerate the investment prospect of the country by controlling the budget deficit of the nation. This economic strategy boosts up the level of consumption through the payment to careers and pensioners in a lump sum amount (Corsetti et al. 2016). This procedure would help the home owners to achieve the courage of more investment in the real estate market. Moreover, the development in infrastructure sector stimulates the economy to restore from the situation of recession. This procedure would help to increase the production capacity of the country by which the unemployment rate can be diminished (Wisman 2013). Apart from this, the above factors implemented by the Federal government of Australia accomplish the aggregate demand of the economy through which the amount of strategic investment can be increased. This also restores the future surpluses of this country. In short, with the help of implementing the strategy of Economic Security by this government in this current scenario, the country can be able to move up from the slow down condition of the economy by improving the GDP growth rate of the economy along with raise in consumption level and investment portion (Budget.gov.au. 2016). In this perspective, the Reserve Bank of Australia has taken a suitable measure in order to mitigate the issues of the recession of the economy which is acceptable and profitable for this country. The RBA provides a sufficient amount of loans so that the citizens of the nation can make direct purchases that will help to support the market. The government induced the Australian office of financial management to make a purchase of either a mortgage for the residential purpose or an amount of $8 billion that will act as securities (rba.gov.au. 2016). The government of Australia further uses strategies that help to provide the guarantees for stabilizing the internal market raise the debt of the banks and reduce the chances of running on the banking system. The investors are able to withdraw the funds from the bank as the liabilities are of short-term nature, and there are risk factors for the holders of the toxic assets. In the words of Eichengreen (2015), the financial crisis of an economy ensures the reduction of the negative amount of credit flows towards the business and consumers which enhance the significant amount of diminishing house prices and share indexes. As a result, due to loss of the wealth and properties, the desperate want to invest more amount of money and consume more by the business person and consumers falling severely. This situation would lead to further falls the economy along with a stagnant condition of the market. In this perspective, to mitigate this issue and improve the current economic condition, the Reserve Bank of Australia applies an appropriate strategy such as lowering the rate of interest which may boost up the economy (rba.gov.au. 2016). As opined by Nielsen (2016), by lowering the interest rate in the economy, the reserve bank of any concerned country can boost up the market as the investors are intended to invest more amount of money for acquiring more profit and revenue. In this context, the RBA has done the same procedure which helps to recover the nation from the slow down growth rate position. Figure 3: Aggregate demand and supply curve showing the stagnation of the economy Source: (As created by author) As commented by Eichengreen (2015), as per the Keynesian theory, the above figure depicts the fact of stagnation of the economy. Due to the stagnation of the economy for existing depression, the aggregate supply curve shifts leftward for which output has drastically fallen along with the higher rate of unemployment and increase in prices of the goods and services (Shiller 2012). In this context, RBA accomplishes the strict monetary policy as well as suitable fiscal measures to control the unemployment rate. The RBA cut the cash rate of 3% and lowers the interest rate on 425 bases of the point. This would lead to reducing the cost amount of borrowing and increase the planned aggregate of expenditure. As a result, the equilibrium point of the short run can be recovered by increasing the output, discretionary income of the household and increased the amount of spending (Fratzscher 2012). Conclusion: By referring to the above analysis, it can be concluded that the global financial crisis has severely affected the world economy along with the Australian economy. The entire world faces recession in the market by which the rate of unemployment increases and lowers the output level of the nation. Moreover, the foreign trade has affected badly. Due to market recession in the economy, the aggregate demand for goods and services fall and the trading partners of the Australia lower their demand for importable goods. As a result, net exports fall and the condition of balance of trade is not so much significant. Apart from this, to correct the situation and boost up the economy, the Federal government of Australia and RBA has taken appropriate measures. In this context, RBA cuts the interest rate which ensures to invest more in the market. It would help to increase the aggregate demand of the market along with raising the power of borrowing and spending. On the other hand, the Australian g overnment has taken the strict monetary and fiscal policy such as economic security, improvement in a financial institution and lowers the unemployment rate. In short, the taken strategies of RBA and the Australian government will help to increase the GDP of the country. Reference list: ABC News. (2009).Making sense of the global downturn. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-05-07/making-sense-of-the-global-downturn/1675556 [Accessed 13 Sep. 2016]. Budget.gov.au. (2016).2008-09/content. [online] Available at: https://www.budget.gov.au/2008-09/content/myefo/html/part_2.htm [Accessed 14 Sep. 2016]. Coibion, O., and Gorodnichenko, Y., 2015. Is the Phillips curve alive and well after all? Inflation expectations and the missing disinflation.American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics,7(1), pp.197-232. Corsetti, G., Mavroeidi, E., Thwaites, G. and Wolf, M., 2016.Step away from the zero lower bound: Small open economies in a world of secular stagnation(No. 1645). Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge. Eichengreen, B., 2015. Secular stagnation: the long view.The American Economic Review,105(5), pp.66-70. Fratzscher, M., 2012. Capital flows, push versus pull factors and the global financial crisis.Journal of International Economics,88(2), pp.341-356. Gal, J., 2013. Notes for a new guide to Keynes (I): wages, aggregate demand, and employment.Journal of the European Economic Association,11(5), pp.973-1003. Lowy Institute for International Policy. (2016).The Global Financial Crisis. [online] Available at: https://www.lowyinstitute.org/issues/global-financial-crisis [Accessed 13 Sep. 2016]. Mavroeidis, S., Plagborg-Mller, M., and Stock, J.H., 2014. Empirical evidence on inflation expectations in the New Keynesian Phillips Curve.Journal of Economic Literature,52(1), pp.124-188. Nielsen, R.W., 2016. The growth of the world population in the past 12,000 years and its link to the economic growth.Journal of Economics Bibliography,3(1), pp.1-12. Rao, B.B. ed., 2016.Aggregate demand and supply: a critique of orthodox macroeconomic modeling. Springer. rba.gov.au. (2016).education/economics-competition/2009/pdf/first-year. [online] Available at: https://www.rba.gov.au/education/economics-competition/2009/pdf/first-year.pdf [Accessed 14 Sep. 2016]. Shiller, R.J., 2012.The subprime solution: how today's global financial crisis happened, and what to do about it. Princeton University Press. Sirkeci, I., Cohen, J.H. and Ratha, D. eds., 2012.Migration and remittances during the global financial crisis and beyond. World Bank Publications. Taylor, J.B., 2013.Getting off track: How government actions and interventions caused, prolonged, and worsened the financial crisis. Hoover Press. Wisman, J.D., 2013. Wage stagnation, rising inequality and the financial crisis of 2008.Cambridge Journal of Economics,37(4), pp.921-945.

Tesla Case free essay sample

Sociocultural factors:  · The trend today between people and in the U. S. environment is buying such types of cars. Technology factors:  · Technology is highly used and thus ready to assist in the availability of these cars. Ecological factors:  · The cars that are produced by tesla are environmentally friendly. Legal factors:  · The regulations in the U. S. help the growth of such a business. 2. For the Tesla Company, in order to analyze the industry’s environment, one has to cover each aspect of the Porter’s 5 forces. First force is the competitive rivalry which is considered very high in this industry. All companies are searching for the new market in the car industry which is the electric line. The industry is limited to specific players which make it saturated as every player has huge resources, reputation, image†¦ Thus it is an oligopoly as there are 3 big US companies, along with the German, Japanese, Korean, and Chinese car companies. We will write a custom essay sample on Tesla Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Second force is the threat from new entrants which is low. The barriers to entry are high due to the high capital requirement to manufacturing cars. Also such an industry need brand equity and image along with needing a wide distribution channel. Also one needs the technological know-how which is gained through time and investing highly in human capital. Nevertheless it is highly difficult to exit such an industry after investing in it. Third force is the bargaining power of suppliers which is considerably moderate. Tesla is an important company for some of the suppliers as it is considered a significant customer to them and they have a long term contracts to defend itself so there bargaining power is low. But at the same time for other suppliers, Tesla has specific needs and not everyone can supply them so their bargaining power is high. Thus as a whole it is moderate. Forth aspect is the bargaining power of buyers which is also moderate. In this industry there are two types of buyers dealers and individuals. Dealers have long term contracts with the company and they usually order in large quantities which make their bargaining power high. However for the individuals their bargaining power is low as their order is minimal. Thus as a whole it is moderate. Finally the fifth factor is threat of substitutes which is also moderate. It depends on the market if it is used to using other ways of transportation like walking or public transportation. But for using normal fuel cars there is a strong infrastructure which isn’t present yet for electric cars making it easier to substitute to fuel cars. However the market is searching for fuel efficient cars or other kinds of energy cars especially with the increase in fuel prices causing higher demand to electric cars. Thus as a conclusion as Tesla can’t lower the cost of production so can’t lower the prices making them unable to compete on prices, Tesla should differentiate themselves in terms of quality and design to target higher end customers. 3. Using VRIO analysis: Valuable: Tesla motors is an American company that designs and sells electric based cars. In December 2006, Tesla motors was announced as the best invention of the year in the transportation category, however, the electric car technology is still not proven and it lacks high-performance batteries as well as some major safety issues then after some challenges the company has faced, it has improved electric power-train performance and lowered the production cost in 2009. Rarity: Tesla Motors is known to have a differentiated product over other firms in the sense that it sells electric based cars. It is the only successfully running electric sports cars in the U. S. At the beginning sales were not enough to sustain the business but tesla motors proved it self after introducing the new model, Tesla Roadster 2. There is only few car manufacturing companies trying to enter this industry which makes Tesla Motors have a competitive advantage. Imitability: This new invention needs a huge amount of capital to invest in. Tesla motors took a huge risk by investing in a new and differentiated product because this business might fail at one point or another. Organization: Tesla motors has got very good resources and technology however, it was bleeding money. As well as it lacks the good culture and trustworthiness of an organization for example when Martin Eberhard, one of the founders of Tesla Motors had led the investors to believe that the cost of the roadster was $65,000 whereas it turned out to be $92,000 sticker price. Through VRIO analysis, Tesla Motors is found to be a valuable and rare company. Of course it is very hard to imitate considering the amount of capital that should be invested, as well as the huge risks taken. However, we found out that Tesla motors has few emerging competitors into this industry. We can conclude that if Tesla Motors puts extra efforts onto making its organization a better one and invest its time researching in order to overtake other car manufacturers whom are trying to invest in this new technology, then Tesla can maintain its current competitive advantage in the long run.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon Bonaparte is one of the most recognized names in world history, having led France to the control of most of continental Europe. In the following pages, the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte from the Island of Corsica to the title of Emperor of France will be examined. Napoleon Bonaparte was born on the Mediterranean Island of Corsica on August 15th, 1769. He was the second surviving child of lawyer Carlo Buonaparte, and his wife, Letizia Ramolino, who had married when Letizia was 14. At the time of Napoleons birth, Corsica had recently changed hands from the state of Genoa to France. There was a resistance movement to this changing over led by Pasquale Paoli. Carlo Buonaparte joined this movement, but Paoli was forced to flee, so Carlo became content with the French occupation. In 1771, Carlo convinced the French to recognize his title of count, which allowed him to further pursue his legal career. Now working for the French, Carlo was now open to the new opportunities that he could offer his family. Following the tradition of lesser noble families, he sent his eldest sons off to school, sending Joseph into the Church, and Napoleon into the army. Napoleon moved on to military school in Brienne, supported by royal scholarship, where he was an outsider, mostly because of his Corsican accent and background. In 1784, he graduated as the first Corsican to attend the Ecole Militaire, but was by no means a great student, ranked 42nd in a class of 58. After graduation, Napoleon was made a second lieutenant of artillery in a regiment that served as a training school for young artillery officers. Napoleon continued his education while in the army, reading much, particularly on strategy and tactics. He took his first visit home in September of 1786, and this lasted for almost two years. Upon his return home, he was greeted by a much different household, as his father had passed away a year earlier of stomach cancer. Althoug...

Entrepreneurs as Business Leaders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Entrepreneurs as Business Leaders - Essay Example On this regards, recommendation are made on how the initiatives taken by the national, regional and local entities can be made better. 1. Introduction Small and Medium-sized enterprises (SME) are considered to be potentially most dynamic in an emerging economy. SMEs are regarded to play an important role in the development process of not only developing but also developed countries. Various advantages can be generated from the rise in SME (Parker, 2004). They are assumed to use more labor intensive technology that may give rise to the employment opportunity. They are established quickly and rapidly that leads to immediate initiation of operation, which in turn generates quick returns. The development of SME may promote the process of intra and inter-regional decentralization that may act as a force in equilibrating the economic power of bigger enterprises. In simple terms, the growth of SMEs is regarded to do major contribution towards the accomplishment of socio-economic and wider e conomic objectives such as poverty alleviation (Cook and Nixson, 2000). Most likely they have chances to move into the region of high-value addition and comparative advantage though they face lots of obstacle in legal, financial, economic and institutional terms. The obstacles include â€Å"limited access to working capital and long-term credit, legal and regulatory restrictions, inadequate infrastructure, high transaction costs, and limited managerial and technical expertise† (Pissarides, 1999, p. 520). However, lack of finance is the main obstacle to the growth of SMEs. This study highlights on the issues faced by the Entrepreneurs or the SME for financing their business in United Kingdom (UK). 2. Methodology The study conducts an in-depth analysis of the factors that influence capital structure of the SME, the various sources of finance for the SMEs and the issues faced and the policies that are there in the UK to support the SMEs. After analyzing the whole scenario the re commendations will be made. In this context, the data of this study has been collected from secondary sources which include various journals, books, newspaper and other electronic sources (Sapsford and Jupp, 2006). The data collected are then analyzed qualitatively to reach the final conclusion. In a qualitative research the study is done by interpreting any phenomenon in terms of what meaning people give to them (Klenke, 2008). 3. Discussion 3.1 Financing pattern While determining the capital structure of the SMEs theoretical framework of the factors may be considered. The theoretical framework generally emphasizes how the size of the firm can affect the capital structure. Many researchers have found the influence of size on the SMEs (Garc a-Teruel and Mart Nez-Solano, 2007; Hernandez-Canovas and Koetter-Kant, 2008; Sogorb-Mira, 2005; Michaelis, Chittenden and Poutziouris, 1999; Kotey, 1999). On analyzing the literature it is found that size affects the capital determination of the firm. The most influential factors are asymmetric information, use of debt tax shield and agency cost. 3.1.1 Asymmetric Information The pecking order theory developed by Myers and Majluf (1984) and Myers (1984) is applied to the financing pattern under this approach. It has been emphasized by various researchers, that the pecking order theory is the most appropriate approach.

International Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

International Law - Research Paper Example n written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation" (Article 2 [I] a) the convection also recognizes that any state has the power to conclude treaties. With the globalization of various operations and increased international activities and concerns, the treaties are have become indispensable and more useful than ever. Basically, states’ motivation is founded on the idea that the treaties create an international framework of laws and rules upon which the international actors, particularly the states and related agencies, may operate with efficiency and orderliness. Treaties are equivalence of international or multinational contract, in which the concerned international subjects get to merge their wills for common good. Since a treaty will be regulating a subject of interest or significance to a member state, or because they regulate a subject that affects the state interest, a member state will often have an interest in ensuring that the treaty in question is enforced. Moreover, treaties serve the role of creating international mechanisms and institutions that enforce or help enforcing the interactional law. The enforcement quality of international law has often been cited as a major weakness of international law. Through treaties, the contracting states come together to agree on how their obligations and rights, as well as those of their citizens and agencies may be enforced. A good example to this effect are The Rome Statute and the Statute of ICJ, which have facilitated creation of international judicial institutions (courts and tribunals) through which various recognized international players may enforce their rights and obligations under the international law. Apart from creating legal rights and obligations for the states that are bound by the treaties, the treaties also create a moral obligation on the states to fulfill

Cadbury History And Important Developments Marketing Essay

Cadbury History And Important Developments Marketing Essay The name of Cadbury in the domain of chocolates was first established in the year 1824, when John Cadbury opened a store in Birmingham, London, selling freshly made cocoa and drinking chocolate. Seeing the heavy demand and success of his shop, John Cadbury set up a factory to commercially produce his offerings. In 1861, sons of John Cadbury Richard and George Cadbury took over the control of the company and to save Cadbury from closing down, invested all their funds into a cocoa press. It offered an efficient processing technique, reducing wastage and eliminating use of additives, thereby making the product Absolutely Pure (Cadbury marketed it like this). In the later years, Cadbury realized that a lot of cocoa butter is left after processing cocoa and if it is combined with milk; milk chocolates can be made out of it. So, in 1905, Cadbury launched the Dairy Milk for the first time, which became one of the major chocolates to be sold and consumed around the world. In the same year, Cadbury commissioned its first logo and went ahead on the lines of making it a brand to continue for long. First Cadbury logo commissioned. A smooth and outreaching success of Cadbury received a heavy blow during the Second World War. Rationing was imposed and the manufacturers were prohibited from using fresh milk. Cadbury finally resorted to dried skimmed milk powder and marketed the product as Ration Chocolate. Cadburys Ration Chocolate. So as to expand its operations in other countries, on 19th July, 1948, Cadbury entered India as a private limited company as Cadbury-Fry (India) Private Limited. With the years, they started setting up manufacturing facilities in the country too. Company felt the need to cut costs while maintaining quality. It decided to source the milk and cocoa from India only and eventually undertook the project for development of cocoa and milk in India. This included establishing a special advisory board, research centres and tying up with Induri Farm Ltd., for betterment of cattle breeding for better milk yield. Seeing the growing demand for chocolates in India, Cadbury realized the market potential here. They converted themselves into a public limited company on 7th June, 1977 Cadbury India Pvt. Ltd. And then in 1984, Cadbury launched its legendary brand Dairy Milk in India. Little did they know at that time that this product will become the flag bearer of the company in India. Besides chocolates and cocoa, the company also tried its hands on other products like food drinks, ice-creams, confectionaries, apple juice and even exporting software. The company introduced a high-protein food drink Enriche in 1988. A year later, they introduced Dollops ice cream in strategic alliance with Unilever. Cadbury India expanded its offerings to Five-Star, Perk, Crackle, Gems, Bourneville, Temptations, Nutties, etc and currently has 70.07% of the chocolate market share in the country with Nestle India second in the lead. Out of this around 30% is captured by Cadburys Dairy Milk alone. Mergers and Acquisitions J.S. Fry and Sons Ltd. In 1919, Cadbury merged with Frys, the manufacturers of the first chocolate bar. They merged together to form the British Cocoa and Chocolate Company and became the manufacturers of popular chocolate brands like Countlines (a hit in US and Canada), Crunchie, Fudge and Picnic. Schweppes Cadbury went for a merger with the drinks giant Schweppes. This led to the formation of Cadbury Schweppes in 1969. This merged company went on to acquire top brands like Canada Dry, Snapple, Royal Crown, etc, to increase its world market share in drinks. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cadbury_Schweppes.svg/161px-Cadbury_Schweppes.svg.png In 2003, Cadbury Schweppes took over the worlds second largest gum manufacturer, Adams and became the world leader in confectioneries. Due to such a wide scale of operations, it became difficult to manage all the verticals under one umbrella. So the company decided to split into two one focusing on the chocolates and confectioneries while other on the drinks business. This led to the demerger of the companies in 2007 to form Dr Pepper Snapple Group to handle the drinks business. Kraft Foods Inc. In January, 2010, Kraft Foods Inc took over Cadbury for  £11.5 billion and became the global confectionery leader. But due to lot of offerings by Kraft Foods it got split into two and Cadbury came under the newly formed company Mondelez International. Consumer Behaviour The consumer behaviour of the world population towards chocolates and confectionaries has seen a drastic change over the years. Initially, chocolates were too costly and selective that only the high-ups of the society could afford to consume it. They were more of a luxury and in England; chocolate boxes were gifted only on very special occasions. But today, from a delicacy, chocolates have become an everyday sweet. Cadbury recognizes it and endorses this belief by its Aaj meethe me kya hai campaigns, forming an image that Cadbury is for everyone, everyday. Also they have made the Cadbury chocolates, especially Dairy Milk, synonymous with the word meetha or sweet. They understand how Indians have a sweet tooth and the youth is moving away from the traditional sweets. To capture this market opportunity, they pushed strongly for campaigns like Kuch meetha ho jaye and offered festive packs like Celebrations to replace the traditional Indian sweets. Some other significant decisions taken by the company with respect to changing consumer behaviour: In 1987, Cadbury launched Wildlife Bar chocolate. For sale of every bar of it, the company contributed a portion to the wildlife fund. The company marketed itself as an environmentally-aware firm, and the people could relate to the cause and supported the company. With the idea of capturing the maximum of India Inc., Cadbury also entered the confectionery business by launching a sugar candy Googly. Such candies were easy to manufacture in bulk, convenient to distribute. Also, they were lowly priced and could be consumed by the all the sections of the Indian society, who either didnt have a taste for chocolate or couldnt afford it. To bring the chocolates and food drinks within the budget of the wide middle-class population of India, Cadbury went for LUP (Low Unit Packs) by introducing chocolates in small grammages. The youth had more affinity to chocolates and colas and wanted to be a part of the new trends. Cadbury made it simpler for them by the LPU offerings and was very effective in capitalizing on this changing consumer behaviour. Not only the youth, the company also targeted the adults especially mothers by introducing its famous food drink Bournvita in sachets. As a result, in the wake of changed consumer behaviour, where mothers preferred health-drinks for their children, Cadbury easily entered the homes of even middle class families, who couldnt afford large packs at a time. Over the years, the consumers have become more health and quality conscious and the companies cant be casual about such stricter consumer behaviour. A classic case when Cadbury erred was the Worms controversy. A batch of Dairy Milk chocolate was infested with worms. It lead to a huge controversy. People lost their trust in a quality conscious company like Cadbury and the consequences were loud and clear-Cadburys Diwali time sale of products dropped by a whopping 30%. The company bounced back by launching Operation Vishwas. They recalled all defective chocolate batches and even introduced double and plastic based packaging to ensure safety. They also roped in a reliable and trustworthy role model Amitabh Bachchan to invoke the lost trust of the people in the brand. Eventually, Cadbury was successful and is the market leader in the country. EMAMI GROUP The Emami Group came into existence when two ex-Birla Group executives Radhe Shyam Agarwal and Radhe Shyam Goenka, resigned from their jobs in 1974 to establish an ayurvedic medicine and cosmetic manufacturing unit in Kolkata. They named the company Kemco Chemicals. The founders had a strong belief that India being the land of Ayurveda, people here still had faith in the traditional medicinal system. And if it can be complemented with latest manufacturing techniques, it can be a huge commercial success. They made a risky decision of setting up their first factory in a sensitive area like Kolkata, where labour unrest, strikes and even cases of violence were common. But later, all turned out to be well. Realizing the size and potential the Indian middle class had, Emami targeted them initially and started off with a paltry sum of Rs 20,000.The distribution of the products under the Emami brand was initiated in West Bengal where the founders went to markets and retailers to market their products. Owing to the superior quality and competitive pricing of the products, as compared to other multinational products, the market and consumers easily accepted Emami. Slowly but steadily, efforts were put in to expand the distribution network in other eastern states. Soon, Emami went pan-India, where too it replicated its success as a trustworthy, reliable and traditional-yet modern brand. The basket of Emami products in the 1970s included standard and daily use products like Emami Talcum Powder, Vanishing Cream and Cold Cream. These were primarily focused at the fairer sex and were backed by strong marketing campaigns on radio and post-1982 on TV too. Emami was doing well when in 1978 it came across an opportunity to take over a dying yet credible company Himani Limited. The company was well known in eastern India for many years but due to poor operations and thin profit margins was on the verge of closing down. Emami at that time took a bold decision of acquiring Himani and by capitalizing on it brand equity and factory unit, transform both Himani and Emami into a larger and more successful company. After six years of acquiring Himani, Emami came out with two revolutionary products under the ambit of Himani only Boroplus Antiseptic Cream and Boroplus Prickly Heat Powder. These were introduced to cater to the change in consumer behavior. People were starting to become more conscious about their choices and wanted specialized products. Earlier they used to go for any cream or any talcum powder. But Emami knew that they had to produce and market specialized products like antiseptic creams for minor cuts and bruises and prickly heat powders for Indias scorching summers, to cater to changing consumer needs, so as to assure their sustenance in the future. Riding high on the success of brand Boroplus, the company launched it in Nepal, Ukraine and Russia. There also these products were a great success. The decade of 90s was very important and crucial for Emami. They launched an ayurvedic cool oil under the Himani brand Navratna Cool Oil. The oil was a runaway success and such was the demand of the product that Emami had to expand operations and setup another manufacturing facility in Pondicherry. Till date, Navratna oil is the world leader amongst cool oils. It was developed keeping in mind the changing behavior and lifestyles of the consumers. Lives became more stressful and hectic. People were losing on their health and wellness quotient and illness crept in. Keeping alive the tradition of massage, Emami developed this cool oil to not only cool off a person but also relieve him of stress, headaches, heat and insomnia. The people connected with the product and realized its usefulness in their lives. Availability of the oil in low unit packs further reached out to the rural population. Eventually, Navratna oil found acceptability in all economic sections of the society due to its USP. The setting up of the second manufacturing facility in Pondicherry provided two-pronged benefit to the company. Not only it catered to the heavy demands of Navratna Oil but also opened the markets of south India for Emami lead by Navratna Oil. Not only powders and oils, Emami increased its offering to chywanprash, hair dyes and pain-relief ointments. To further add on to its portfolio, Emami acquired close competitor Zandu and re-launched its products including balms and health foods. But in 2010, Emami had to face a failure in acquiring a tough competitor like Paras Pharmaceuticals. Paras had a parallel portfolio to Emami and included top brands like Moov, Krack, DermiCool, Livon, SetWet, Zatak, etc. If acquired, Emami would have become a major market player in the FMCG sector. But its bid fell short and Paras was eventually acquired by Reckitt Benckiser (RB). Emami now is in talks with RB to acquire Paras. A classic example of Emami changing with times is the launching of Fair and Handsome, a fairness cream for men. Emami understood that Indian men no longer want that dark skin tone and long for a fairer skin, a belief popular amongst the females. So, they launched a specialized product particularly for mens tough skin. Since its inception, Emami knew that its USP is ayurvedic compositions and it has to maintain it. Ayurveda connected well to the people in the 70s and 80s but in the new millennium, people, especially the youth are reluctant to such age-old traditional methods. They are more inclined towards latest researched techniques and formulations for their health and beauty. Emami understood this threat and heeded to the changing consumer behavior by roping in stars like Amitabh Bachchan, Shahrukh Khan, Kareena Kapoor, and many south stars , which promote the products amongst the youth and portray an image that Emami is a brand which offers the best of ayurveda and modern techniques and is a favourite amongst their star icons too.

Subsistence Agriculture

How is intensive subsistence agriculture distinguished from extensive subsistence cropping? Why, in your opinion, have such different land use forms developed in separate areas of the warm, moist tropics? Intensive agriculture is the primary subsistence pattern of large-scale, populous societies. It results in much more food being produced per acre compared to other subsistence patterns. Beginning about 5,000 years ago, the development of intensive farming methods became necessary as the human population grew in some major river valleys to levels beyond the carrying capacity of the environment using horticulture and pastoralism.The transition to intensive agriculture was originally made possible by water management systems and the domestication of large animals for pulling plows. This allowed farmers to get below the top soil to bring buried nutrients up to the surface. It also allowed farmers to maintain much larger fields of crops. Subsistence agriculture is performed by one family , typically. Enough food is generated for that one family to subsist or survive.This is different than agriculture practiced in western capitalist countries, wherein the product is economically profitable, and not just limited to an amount of food produced that allows one family to subsist. Humid tropic conditions are found over nearly 50 per cent of the tropical land mass and 20 per cent of the earth's total land surface an area of about 3 billion hectares. Tropical Central and South America contain about 45 per cent of the world's humid tropics, Africa about 30 percent, and Asia about 25 per cent.As many as 62 countries are located partly or entirely within the humid tropics. Agricultural systems and techniques that have evolved from ancient times to meet the special environmental conditions of the humid tropics include the paddy rice of South-East Asia, terrace, mound, and drained field systems, raised bed systems (such as the chinampas of Mexico and Central America), and a varie ty of agroforestry, shifting cultivation, home garden, and natural forest systems.These systems share common elements, such as high retention of essential nutrients, maintenance of vegetative cover, high diversity of crops and crop varieties, complex spatial and temporal cropping patterns, and the integration of domestic and wild animals into the system. Changes and land transformation in the tropics are occurring at a much faster rate; in some cases, areas are completely transformed and often degraded beyond economically feasible restoration within one generation.Many of the traditional and ancient systems have been deeply modified or abandoned owing to economic, cultural, and social pressures. Question #2 What economic or ecological problems can you cite that do or might affect the gathering industries of forestry and fishing in North America? What is the maximum sustainable yield? Is that concept related to the problems you discerned? The agriculture, forestry, and fishing sector s are the cornerstone of industries that produce and market food, fiber, and fuel.Collectively, the three sectors make up a huge component of the U. S. economy and are a major employer in the United States. Annually, these industries generate more than $1 trillion and create exports exceeding $68 billion. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) estimates that more than 5. 5 million workers are employed in agriculture, forestry, and fishing. These sectors also consistently rank in the top six most hazardous occupations; fishermen and loggers have the highest fatality rates.Collectively, the three sectors consistently have the highest injury and fatality rates of any U. S. industries, so the overall effect on the safety and health of exposed populations in agricultural, forestry, and fishing worksites is enormous. In population ecology and economics, the maximum sustainable yield or MSY is, theoretically, the largest catch that can be taken from a fishery sto ck over an indefinite period. Under the assumption of logistic growth, the MSY will be exactly at half the carrying capacity of a species, as this is the stage at when population growth is highest.The maximum sustainable yield is usually higher than the optimum sustainable yield. This logistic model of growth is produced by a population introduced to a new habitat or with very poor numbers going through a lag phase of slow growth at first. Once it reaches a foothold population it will go through a rapid growth rate that will start to level off once the species approaches carrying capacity. The idea of maximum sustained yield is to decrease population density to the point of highest growth rate possible.This changes the number of the population, but the new number can be maintained indefinitely, ideally. MSY is extensively used for fisheries management. MSY in most modern fisheries models occurs at around 30% of the unexploited population size. This fraction differs among populations depending on the life history of the species and the age-specific selectivity of the fishing method. However, the approach has been widely criticized as ignoring several key factors involved in fisheries management and has led to the devastating collapse of many fisheries.As a simple calculation, it ignores the size and age of the animal being taken, its reproductive status, and it focuses solely on the species in question, ignoring the damage to the ecosystem caused by the designated level of exploitation and the issue of by catch. Question #3 How, in your opinion, do the concepts or practices of comparative advantage and outsources affect the industrial structure of advanced and developing countries? In economics, the theory of comparative advantage refers to the ability of a person or a country to produce a particular good or service at a lower marginal and opportunity cost over another.Even if one country is more efficient in the production of all goods than the other, both cou ntries will still gain by trading with each other, as long as they have different relative efficiencies. The outsourcing of U. S. jobs overseas is part of an economic movement that promises a better life — indeed, a new beginning — for many people in developing countries. It gives technologically savvy young people in countries like India livelihoods that move them into the ranks of the middle class. On the other hand, workers in industrialized nations are being displaced in large numbers.Comparably well-paying jobs are not being created fast enough to make up for the positions headed offshore. Outsourcing has gained notoriety in recent months because of the accelerating volume of job transfers overseas and the sudden vulnerability of high-tech and service occupations that were once thought immune to trade displacement. Services that used to be nontradable (back-office operations, call centers, data management and accounting sectors) have now been made fully tradable b ecause of advances in communications and computational technologies.Location is increasingly insignificant in the provision of these services. Moreover, the ready availability of large pools of technically capable and computer-savvy workers overseas has eroded what traditionally had been considered the distinct preserve of the U. S. and other developed countries: sophisticated, high-end technologies. Developed countries, too, have been major beneficiaries, since their comparative advantage lies in the trade of manufactures, services, intellectual property and capital. Industrialized countries have been vocal in promoting trade openness in these areas and have fiercely defended the need to respect and enforce intellectual property rights (e. g. , pharmaceutical patents and software).There are, of course, adjustment costs that accompany trade, since segments of local populations are hurt by open markets. Despite these costs, poor countries have subscribed to international trade rules and have slowly but steadily opened their markets in those economic sectors (especially manufactures and services) where industrialized countries have much to gain.Having reaped enormous profits from free trade in those areas where they enjoy a distinct comparative advantage, developed countries violate procedural justice whenever they curtail or suppress the liberalization of markets in which they have a comparative disadvantage. This is exactly what the European Union, Japan and the U. S. have done in food markets, making poor countries unable fully to reap the gains of their comparative advantage (agricultural crops). The industrialized nations have steadfastly refused to open up trade in farm goods in an effort to protect farmers from being displaced by global trade. Works Cited:* Jorge, Niosi & Majlinda, Zhequ. â€Å"Aerospace Clusters: Local or Global Knowledge Spillovers? † March 2005. . * Virgin, Bill. â€Å"Global Economy Complicates Outsourcing. † Seattlepi. com. 24 January 2006. . * Lee, Dwight R. â€Å"Comparative Advantage Continued† The Freeman: Ideas on Liberty – October 1999. http://www. fee. org/publications/the-freeman/article. asp? aid=4962. * Wikipedia.

Financial Analysis of Victoria Secret Essay

INCOME STATEMENT ANALYSIS Victoria Secret appears to be a profitable company. Victoria Secret is part of L Brands whose operating income was at $ 211 million, up by $24 million from the last quarter. Specifically at Victoria’s Secret, sales increased by 4% to reach 5.4 billion but operating income decreased by 6% to 1.71 billion. It appears that Victoria Secret’s major expense was their Cost of Goods Sold, COGS, which totaled at 1.3144 billion. The gross profit percentage as at February 2013 was 47.87% (NASDAQ, 2014). BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS Assets of Victoria’s Secret have steadily increased in the last three fiscal years. As at November 2013, return on Assets was at 12.73% up from 12.2% in January 2013. Return on equities has been high as well, at 105.39% in January 2012, up from 44% in 2011. Liabilities have also sadly increased in the last four years. Expenses have increased from $630 million in August  2013 to $645 million in November 2013 (L Brands, 2014). The Cost of Goods Sold has decreased however, from $1.527 billion in August 2013 to $1.314 billion in November 2013. Total liabilities were at $7.456 billion in November 2013, up from $6.933 billion in August 2013 (NASDAQ, 2014). STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDER’S EQUITY Retained earnings were in the negatives for Victoria’s Secret stockholders. As at November 2013 it was -$519 million. Common stock was at $153 million but treasury stock was at a negative of -$740 million (NASDAQ, 2014). STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS The net cash provided as a result of operating activities as at January 2014was at 1.279 billion dollars, while the net cash provided as a result of investing activities at -$106 million (L Brands, 2014). The net cash provided as a result of financing activities was also at a negative at -$78 million. The negative cash flows brought about by investing and financing activities imply that they have cost the company more money in their undertaking than they have brought in. However, the large cash flows brought in by operating activities are more than enough to cover the losses brought about by the other categories, so the negative cash flows do not worry me too much. FINANCIAL RATIO ANALYSIS After conducting the financial ratios for Victoria Secrets, it is clear to me that they are able to fulfill consumer demands while maintaining financial stability. Their Liquidity Measures ratios suggests that the company is able to adequately pay for the liabilities while investing assets  in a strategic manner. Net Working Capital to Total Assets results show that Victoria Secret is able to efficiently turn assets and cover short-term liabilities. The company is in fair health, however there is a decline in 2011-2013, suggesting a slight trouble turning their assets into cash fast  enough to cover their liabilities. For their collection period it takes about 7-8 days for Victoria Secret to collect cash, meaning that they collect cash quickly for reinvestment purposes. Victoria Secret depletes and replenishes their inventory at least five times per year to satisfy their consumer demand. Fixed Asset Turnover for Victoria Secret proves that they are able to use their fixed assets effectively towards sales revenues. They are able to generate $4 to $5 of sales for every $1 that is invested in fixed assets. Their debt/leverage measures the low debt to total asset ratio implies that Victoria Secret assets are financed more through equity rather than debt and that they are using a conservative capital structure; ultimately, by keeping their debts low and manageable, they have a financial advantage. However, Victoria Secret may not be taking advantage of their increase profits that comes with financial advantage. Victoria Secret’s gross profit margin is above industry norms, indicating that Victoria Secret is generating strong sales prices that are relative to their cost of goods sold. Victoria Secret’s operating profit margin ratio shows that they have complete and effective control of their operating costs, however their sales could be increasing faster than their operating costs. The net profit margin ratios suggests that Victoria Secret has a some cushioning that will help protect them in case of hard times. Victoria Secret is effectively managing and turning assets into generating earnings and income on new investments. Victoria Secret makes at least $2.50 per share and is generating a significant dividend for their investors, which leads investors anticipating a higher future growth. SALES FORECASTING During performing the sales forecast for Victoria’s Secret, I learned that for most part that Victoria’s Secret has an incline in their profits. They have however hit a few bumps here and there. The causes of this could be more cost for Victoria’s Secret purchasing materials and production of their products. Another reason for this could also be a slower rate in sales than usual. Like I said, for the most Victoria Secret has seen an incline in their profits and sales throughout the years. Performing the percentage of sales forecast for Victoria’s Secret, I established a forecasted sales of 5  percent which means that they would have to have a sales of $2,808 compared to their last years $2,675. This is a very feasible number for Victoria Secret to achieve, considering that majority of their money in assets outweighs their liabilities. The EFN, External Financing Needed, for Victoria Secret is $2,855. This indicates that Victoria Secret would need to obtain External Financing Needed to achieve the $2,808 forecasted sales level, which 5% more of their current sales revenue. SUBSTANTIAL GROWTH RATE ANALYSIS Victoria Secret has had a steady growth over the analyzed period. It has not been too slow or too fast, but one that shows that they are adequately handling the progressive growth of the company. This shows that Victoria Secret is paying close attention to all details of the organization. CONSEQUENCES FACED BY FIRMS THAT GROW AT A RATE THAT IS NOT CONSISTENT WITH THEIR SUSTAINABLE RATE Growing too fast as crazy as it may sound, does have potential consequences for the organizations. These consequences could come in the form of the organization not being able to fulfill customer demand, hire and/or train capable employees to accommodate for the growth, and difficulty in obtaining cash to support the growth. When an organizations too fast it will need more capital to support the growth. On the reverse side, a growth too slow can be as destructive as growing too fast. Slow growth can have the consequences of wanting or needing to expand their organization, however if they do decide to expand without the support of a sufficient revenue; then the organization runs into potential trouble with investors. If Victoria Secret grew at a rate where it was difficult for them to be consistent with their sustainable rate, then they would have either to find additional funding or consider eliminating some of their debt. IF THE FIRM GREW AT A RATE ABOVE OR BELOW THE SGR, HOW DID IT FINANCE ITS EXCESSIVE GROWTH OR REWARD ITS STOCKHOLDERS FOR THE UNDERPERFORMANCE Since Victoria Secret has a sustainable growth rate that is steady, they did not need to finance an excessive growth or reward their stockholders for an underperformance. Victoria Secret’s continued growth and success will depend on their ability to open and operate new stores and to expand and even remodel existing stores in a manner that is not only timely but also on a profitable basis. Accomplishing their new and existing store expansion goals will depend upon a number of factors, including their ability to collaborate with developers in order to obtain suitable sites for new and expanded stores, the hiring and training of qualified personnel, and the integration of new stores into existing operations. However, there are risks associated with these growths, which could be having a negative effect on their results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. FINAL ANALYSIS Upon my initial analysis on the financial performance of Victoria Secret, I assumed that were a profitable company. After performing the financial ratios analysis, forecast of sales analysis, and the substantial growth analysis; my assumption proved to be correct. Victoria Secret proves to be the most profitable business owned by L Brands. Granted Victoria Secret has had their fair share of bumps in the road, but because of their strategic financial plan, those bumps did not have a great deal of import financial for them. What I have learned from doing the financial analysis on Victoria Secret is that they are an organization who takes knowing their financial performance seriously. They know, understand, and most importantly can successfully create financial strategic plans can serves as a tool for their success, as well as prepare them in case of a â€Å"rainy day†. This is where majority of organizations fail in performing a financial analysis and preparing a financial strategic plan. Most organizations do not want to believe or even admit to the potential of having a â€Å"rainy day†, because in their eyes it sets them up for failure. Victoria Secret obviously knows the importance of embracing the idea of a â€Å"rainy day† and prepares for it, which is one of the many reasons they are such a successful organization. Conducting the financial analysis on Victoria Secret also proves that my prediction about how they are able to turn assets into income to can pay for their liabilities as well as have enough left over to reinvest back into the organization. Victoria Secret clearly understands that growth is crucial for the success of the organization while at the same keeping their growth maintainable without getting themselves into financial trouble. It is clear that Victoria Secret knows the importance of knowing how to do a financial analysis of their organization’s financial performance and using the analysis to build a strategic financial plan. I do believe that if Victoria Secret keeps a diligent watch on their financial performance and does regular financial analysis, they can continue to be a force to be reckoned with that they have been in the retail industry. References Baral, S. (2013). _The Challenge of Attaining Sustaintable Growth ._ Retrieved from http://prj.co.in/setup/business/paper77.pdf Business Town. (2003). _Pro Forma Balance Sheets._ Retrieved from http://www.businesstown.com/accounting/projections-balance.asp Business Town. (2003). _Pro Forma Income Statements._ Retrieved from http://www.businesstown.com/accounting/projections-statements.asp Hoovers. (2014). _Victoria’s Secret Stores, LLC. ._ Retrieved from http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/competition.Victorias_Secret_Stores_LLC.d793812b13b17deb.html L Brands. (2014). _Financials._ Retrieved from http://www.lb.com/investors/financial_information/financials.aspx L Brands. (2014). _SEC Filings._ Retrieved from http://www.lb.com/investors/company_info/sec_filings.aspx Lane, M. (2014). _Percentage of Sales Method._ Retrieved from Business Finance Online: http://www.zenwealth.com/businessfinanceonline/FF/PercentageOfSales.html Lutz, A. (2013). _Why The Lingerie Industry Can’t Compete With Victoria’s Secret._ Retrieved from http://www.businessinsider.com/victorias-secret-will-beat-competition-2013-9 NASDAQ. (2014). _L Brands, Inc. Stock Report._ Retrieved from http://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/lb/stock-report

Psychological Research into Individual Differences in...

Psychological Research into Individual Differences in Attachment An attachment is a close relationship between two persons, characterised by mutual affection and a desire to maintain proximity (Schaffer 1993). When you are attached to someone, you enjoy their company and are distressed when they are not there. The most common attachment researched is between a baby and its caregiver. Ainsworth et al (1978) researched secure and insecure attachments using the Strange Situation. This was to research individual in attachment and to see what types of attachment were formed between the mother and baby. One year old babies were observed during seven episodes to find evidence of separation protest†¦show more content†¦The child behaved indifferently towards the mother and stranger and avoided the mother when she returned. They could be comforted by the stranger. They only showed distress when they were left in the room by themselves. This showed that the mothers sensitivity in an essential factor to determine the strength of the childs attachment. The more sensitive a mother is towards her childs needs the more secure the child is attached. The less sensitive a mother is, the more insecure her child would be (either anxious-avoidant or anxious-resistant). The positive criticisms for Ainsworths study was said to be an important study in the history of attachment research, and that several more recent studies have shown that parental sensitivity causes attachment security. The negative criticisms for this research was that it a highly artificial and lacked ecological validity. Also, the attachment type couldnt happen if it was a fixed characteristic of the child. This is because if the family circumstances changed, then the attachment style would also change. Attachments are a feature to a unique relationship and could be different between a mother and her child, and a father and his child. The final criticism for this study was that it was very unethical for psychologists toShow MoreRelatedMonsters On The Brain : An Evolutionary Epistemology Of Horror Essay1455 Words   |  6 PagesAinsworth, Mary D. Bell, Silvia M. (1970) Attachment, exploration, and separation: Illustrated by the behavior of one-year-olds in a strange situation. Child Development, 41(1), pp. 49-67. Doi: 10.2307/1127388 Asma, S. T. (2014). Monsters on the brain: An evolutionary epistemology of horror. Social Research, 81(4), 941-968. Belsky, J., Steinberg, L., Draper, P. (1991). 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