How to Define Atmosphere

The term atmosphere has multiple meanings in science: Atmosphere Definition Atmosphere refers to the gases surrounding a star or planetary body held in place by gravity. A body is more likely to retain an atmosphere over time if gravity is high and the temperature of the atmosphere is low. The composition of the Earths atmosphere is about 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen, 0.9 percent argon, with water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases. The atmospheres of other planets have a different composition. The composition of the Suns atmosphere consists of about 71.1 percent hydrogen, 27.4 percent helium, and 1.5 percent other elements. Atmosphere Unit An atmosphere is also a unit of pressure. One atmosphere (1 atm) is defined to be equal to 101,325 Pascals. A reference or standard pressure is commonly 1 atm. In other cases, Standard Temperature and Pressure or STP is used.

My Independent Study On Resilience - 741 Words

In starting my Independent Study on resilience, I have decided to break down my research into three phases; staring with gathering and reading information on the topic. I wanted to begin with a few articles that could provide a brief overview on the subject. The recent death of Nelson Mandela has sparked many remarkable findings about the power of the human spirit. In the article written by Samuel F. Mikail, Never Giving Up: Dimensions of Human Resilience, Mikail offers a very informative overview on what we have learned from research on the nature of individual and community resilience. The article raises one major question; â€Å"How can any human, after enduring such restrictions, beatings, hard labor, and deprivation forgive his oppressors?† Mikail (2014). Dr. Samuel F.Mikail is a clinical psychologist who is involved in the training of psychologists and group therapists in Canada. He has offered consultation and has led numerous workshops on a variety of topics for mental health professionals. Scholars define resilience as the outcome of successful adaptation to adversity (Zutra, Hall, Murray, 2010). Resilience is the ability to recover from adversities challenges in a manner that leaves an individual more flexible and better able to meet future challenges. Resilience involves an ability to react creatively and constructively to change while recognizing that change is an ongoing part of life (Mikail, 2014). Zutra and Hall identify two core dimensions of resilience:Show MoreRelatedThe Science Of Resilience By Bari Walsh974 Words   |  4 Pages In the science of resilience, Bari Walsh defines the meaning of resilience by using Jack Shankov’s definition - â€Å"a positive, adaptive response in the face of significant adversity†. (gse.harvard). Basically resilience is the capacity to quickly recover from toughness of life. 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Hrm Selection Process Free Essays

string(48) " resource with which applicant can be compared\." UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN GRADUATE SCHOOL MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SELECTION PROCESS: SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS ON THE HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SUBMITTED BY: MAY O. TOLENTINO SUBMITTED TO: DR. CARMEN N. We will write a custom essay sample on Hrm: Selection Process or any similar topic only for you Order Now HERNANDEZ Selection Process: Survival of the Fittest Introduction Charles Darwin first pondered this concept in his work On the Origin of Species during the 19th century in the context of the survival and extinction of biological species. Later did Herbert Spencer coin the phrase to draw comparable idea on his economic theories. Survival of the fittest according to Darwin’s theory means that only the ones most suited to a particular environment will survive. Those who can’t adapt will surely perish, while those who can adapt will stick around, and maybe even become suited to new environments. We might ask did they discover anything that might be applicable to business in the 21st Century? Or its relevance could be also applied in human resource management more specifically in selection process? Let us think of nature and ecological systems as a vast â€Å"free market† of perfect competition, where all living organisms are competing with each other for limited resources (sunlight, water, minerals, etc. )? Synonymous as to the many job applicants competing with each other in a struggle for survival or in plain employment term- to be hired. To be chosen as the best fitted candidate among the crowd of applicants for the one coveted position is indeed collectively tend to operate in ways analogous to natural eco-systems. Is it possible that success and survival in the wild might be analogous to success and survival in the employment race? Selection can be conceptualized in terms of either choosing the fit candidates or rejecting the unfit candidates, or a combination of both. Selection process assumes that there are more candidates than the number of candidates actually selected, made possible through the recruitment process. According to Gupta (2006), selection is the process of choosing the suitable persons out of all the participants. In this process, relevant information is collected through a series of steps so as to evaluate their suitability on the job to be filled. Furthermore, selection is the process of assessing the candidates in various means and making a choice followed with an offer of employment (Graham, 1998, p. 206). Selection is an important function as no organization can achieve its goal without selecting the right people, where wrong choice would lead to wastage of time, money and spoils the environment of the organization. In this regard, scientific selection and placement of personnel will go a long way in building up a stable workforce, where it helps to reduce absenteeism and labor turnover as well as very helpful in increasing the efficiency and productivity of the organization (Dessler, 2005). Selection vs. Recruitment Selection is different from recruitment, where recruitment technically happens before selection. Recruitment involves identifying the sources of manpower and encourages them to apply for the job opening. On the other hand, selection is choosing the best out of those recruited. Recruitment aims at increasing the number of applications for more choices. According to Prasad (2005), recruitment and selection differs in terms of objective, process, technique, and outcome which are discussed as follows: Firstly, the ultimate purpose of both is to acquire suitable candidates but their immediate objectives differ, where the basic objective of recruitment is to attract maximum number of candidates so that more choices are available; the basic objective of selection is to choose best out of the available candidates. Secondly, recruitment differs from selection in terms of process, where it adopts the process of creating application as large as possible; while selection adopts the process of screening as fewer candidates or sometimes one candidate is selected. Thirdly, as to the techniques involve; recruitment techniques are not really intensive, requiring skills as against in selection process where highly specialized techniques are required. Lastly, since both are interlinked steps in the process of manpower acquisition, they differ in terms of outcome; where the outcome for recruitment is application pool which become input for selection process which on the other hand the outcome is finalizing the candidates who will be offered jobs. Factors (Conditions) for Selection Process The basic idea in selection process is to solicit maximum possible information about the candidates to ascertain their suitability for the employment; and given the fact that there are factors which affect in collecting such information (Prasad, 2005, p. 06), he proposed the following factors which determine the steps in the selection process: 1. Various steps involve in the selection process depend on the type of personnel to be selected. For example, more information is required in the selection of a manager than a subordinate worker. 2. Selection process depends on the sources of recruitment and the method that is adapted for making contact wit h prospective candidates. For example if we used tv ads, selection process is more time consuming and comprehensive whereas campus recruitment is shortened and maybe completed in a day. 3. Selection process depends on the number of candidates that are available for selection. If a large number of applicants, we also need to create various filtering points to reduce the number of applicants at a successive point while a small applicant turnout would mean lesser filtering points required. 4. Organization’s selection policy also determines the ways to be involved in the selection process. For example in JBLFMU context, where selection of industry experts as Board Members are stipulated in the policy should be an alumnus of the university and hold the highest or president position of any international sponsored shipping companies in the Philippines. Gupta suggests that the selection process can be successful if the following conditions are met: 1. Someone should have the authority to select; where this authority comes from the employment requisition as developed through analysis of the workload and workforce. 2. There must be one standard of human resource with which applicant can be compared. You read "Hrm: Selection Process" in category "Essay examples" In other words, a comprehensive job description and job specification should be available beforehand. 3. There must be a sufficient number of applicants from whom the required number of employees maybe selected. In this regard, recruitment and selection process invariably influence the whole matter of employment function in the organization. Steps in Selection Process Selection process consist of the series of steps; at each stage, facts may reveal something about a candidate that may either be a win or blow on his/her chances on the job. It is a series of barriers or challenges in which the applicant must cross. These hurdles or screens are designed to eliminate unqualified candidate at any point in the selection process. There is no exact formula or standards to be used in all organizations or for all jobs. The complexity of selection procedures increases with the level of responsibility of the position to be filled. Therefore, the strategy and method used for selecting employees varies from firm to firm or from one job to another. For instance in JBLFMU, the recruitment and selection process differs to a faculty candidate and a personnel applicant. Scholars of Human Resource Management such as Gupta, Prasad, Armstrong, and Ivancevich, suggested the following steps to be involved in employee selection process, though not necessarily to be implemented chronologically: 1. Preliminary Interview 2. Application Form 3. Selection Test (Physical, Cognitive and Personality Test) 4. Work Samples 5. Employment Interview 6. Medical Examination 7. Reference or Background Check 8. Final Approval 9. Employment 10. Induction 11. Follow-up or Evaluation Applicability of Selection Process in JBLFMU In the context of JBLFMU environment; most of the above steps in selection process are applied both on academic and non-academic personnel, however the exercise does vary from the steps. For instance, in non-academic personnel once applications are received, short listing of applicants is done by the HR officer in respect to the applied jobs, preliminary interview is organized with the respective department head, methods of assessment is done by administering various forms like taking of aptitude or job related and personality tests. Then those who passed will go to another round of final interview then final selection is done together with the department officer. Selected applicant is called to fill various forms including medical examination to effect his/her employment; if found fit is awarded offer of employment stipulating terms and conditions of employment. Duties are assigned and orientation is undertaken. But if all applicants happen to fail the standards of the selection process, the post will be advertised again for recruitment. As for academic personnel, the difference lies on the additional steps of a twice presentation of simulated teaching. Then the person to approve the teaching plantilla will include the HR Officer, Subject Area Head, Dean of the College and the university administrator. To wit based from the theories discussed above, JBLFMU abides to the following steps in selection process: 1. Screening of applications, where available applications should be short listed in respect to their qualifications and experience in correspond to the job requirement. Only applicants who fit the bill should be interviewed. For large number of applicants, aptitude test could be used to screen them. 2. Prepare for the interview, where at this step the type of interview is established, it can be I groups or individually; written or oral interview. Guideline and questions are prepared beforehand. 3. Develop factors and methods of assessment, where various score sheets and assessment forms are prepared in order to maintain consistency. 4. Conduct the interview or as for academic personnel a demo teaching, where at this stage applicants are given equal chance to demonstrate their strength and capabilities in respect to the requirement of the job. 5. To undertake cross referencing for interviewees. Check resumes for related experiences and background check. 6. Communicating the decision to the candidates. At this stage the applicant is informed of the result via letter or phone call. The chosen candidate will be asked to come and fill required forms to effect the employment. 7. Requiring a medical examination on the selected applicant to avoid future problems that might affect job performance. 8. Offering letter of employment and filling required forms to effect employment functions, where in that contract stipulates terms and conditions of employment. 9. Placement and orientation. It is at this step the JBLFMU selection process ends, where the employed applicant is endorsed under his/her supervisor followed by a company orientation. Conclusion Therefore, the basic objective of selection is to hire those candidates that are suitable or fitted for the position with a high probability of job success. A multiple hurdle plan is the best selection strategy. Selection hurdles or tests include pre-employment inquiries, application forms, initial screening interviews, background investigations, teaching demo for academic applicants and interviews. Also, recruiting and selecting the right people for the company is a challenge, and every situation is unique. JBLFMU should be innovative, persistent and realistic, and can communicate the strength of the institution and the benefits of the position offered to attract high quality employees to build careers in the organization. Survival of the fittest in selection process perspective redounds to matching the best qualified candidate to fit the requisites or requirements of the job in achieving organizational goals. This in turn will mutually benefit the individual and the organization, as they adapt to the changing environment. Bibliography Armstrong, M. (2006). A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice. (10th edition ed. ). London: Kogan Page Limited. Dessler, G. (2005). Human Resource Management. (10th edition ed. ). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Gupta, C. (2006). Human Resource Management (Rev. Edition ed. ). New Delhi: Sultan Chad and Sons. Ivancevich, J. (2003). Human Resource Management (9th Edition ed. ). New York: McGraw Hill. Prasad, L. (2005). Human Resource Management (2nd Edition ed. ). New Delhi: Sultan Chad and Sons. Rush, D. (1995). Biology: Natural Science (3rd Edition ed. ) New York: Pearson Prentice Hall. How to cite Hrm: Selection Process, Essay examples

Economics for Global Financial Crisis

Question: Discuss about the Economics for Global Financial Crisis. Answer: Introduction: The term global financial crisis inferred the fact that it is an economic difficulty through the period of worldwide which is experienced by the consumers and markets. In the words of Shiller (2012), this type of financial crisis is a barrier for achieving foster growth of the country in terms of business environment as the potential consumers want to minimize their purchasing power until the situation improves. In the year 2008, due to the collapse of Lehman Brothers, the financial services of world economy go into depression. As a result, suddenly the banks, Wall Street, stock markets and important financial firms are stopped and plummeted. According to Taylor (2013), this sudden shock increases the unemployment level along with the collapsing of trade volumes and stickiness of the liquidity market. Both developed and developing countries are badly affected in this case, and Australia implements the G20 policy which is an injection of reducing the global crisis (Lowy Institute for International Policy. 2016). In this essay, the impact of GFC on Australian economy has been analyzed critically. Furthermore, the roles of the Federal government and the Reserve Bank of Australia have been discussed in this context along with the proper economic analysis. Apart from this, the impact on foreign trade and the current condition of unemployment rate are also critically discussed here. Discussion: In the global economy market, Australia exports its goods and services to the other countries. The current survey of WTO statistics inferred the information that the trade value of Australia is just half of the national income of this country (ABC News. 2009). In this context, during the time of GFC crisis, the world trade affected severely which drags down to the main trading partners of Australia namely Japan and the US. Moreover, due to the crisis of global finance, China also recorded the slowest growth which is the root cause of falling down the demand of its products. As a result, the export amount of Australia falls in a huge amount along with the negative impact on trade value. Apart from this, the Australian economy is well known as a member of the group of the highest amount of debt in respect to income ratios throughout the world. The nature of the Australian people is to save more amount of money today for using in the future time. These people get into fear of losing their job which would lead to increase the saving amount of their earning part. Moreover, the Australian people lower their consumption and borrow less amount of money for minimizing their debt. According to Sirkeci, Cohen and Ratha (2012), the incidence of cuts the budget of production along with an increase in the unemployment rate would lead to move downward fall of the Australian economy in the recession market. The global financial crisis severely damaged the credit markets and prospective growth of the Australian economy. In this perspective, the Federal government of Australia takes suitable measures in terms of providing the guarantee in wholesale funding and deposits of the bank and the economic security of $10.4 billion by which improvement is done in the recession market (ABC News. 2009). In this perspective, to generate and boost up the economy of Australia, the Federal government wants to increase the investment amount in the market through selling the bonds to the people. In the words of Fratzscher (2012), as per the Loanable Funds theory, the government of this country wants to boost up the economy through money flow and to lower the interest rate. This strategy would help to move forward the economy from the slow down conditions. Figure 1: Loanable Funds theory Source: (As created by author) According to the above figure, in this current condition the Federal Government of Australia sells more amount of bonds but due to the slowdown of market growth demand also falls which ensures to drastically fall the price level of the economy (Gal 2013). In this perspective, the concerned government implements a monetary policy such as OMO, RAR, Target CR and money growth for improving the current monetary condition of the economy. Moreover, the Australian government wants to fulfill the inflation gap and out gap by applying the above-stated strategy. Furthermore, as commented by Mavroeidis, Plagborg-Mller and Stock (2014), as per the Phillips curve theory; there exists an inverse relationship between the unemployment rate and inflation rate. To maintain stability in the economy from recession situation, the government needs to lower the unemployment rate by increasing the rate of inflation (Coibion and Gorodnichenko 2015). The deflationary monetary policy moves the economy in a positive way by controlling the unemployment rate through the leftward shifts of the PC. Figure 2: Phillip curve showing the fall of PC Source: (As created by author) Apart from this, the Federal Government of Australia provides a guarantee in deposits to support the confidence level of this country. In addition, the deposited amount below to the threshold is not considered as a chargeable amount. This strategy of Australian government provides certainty to the banks, credit markets, and building societies along with adding positive strength to the financial institutions (Rao 2016). On the other hand, it would help to raise the confidence level of the customer in this consequence. Moreover, in this current scenario, the concerned government offers the wholesale funding deposit which helps to normalize the depression market situations. With the help of this process, the financial institutions of Australia can be able to increase the amount of funds overseas. In this procedure, the foreign funds and financial institutions also support them to acquire the stability of the depression economy (Budget.gov.au. 2016). Moreover, by following this strategy suggested by the Australian government, the financial sectors of this country can be able to lend the corporations, banks, businesses and households for boost up the economy. In this current scenario, the Financial Management of Australian Office gets a message by the Treasure of purchasing $8 billion amount of residential securities of mortgagebacked from the wide range of lenders belongs from Australia. As a result, it would help to expand the quantity of assets along with high quality by which the AOFM can be able to invest more in the market (Budget.gov.au. 2016). In this context, the strategy related to Economic Security is considered as the discretionary fiscal policy which enhances the GDP rate of the country. The implementation of this strategy by Australian government would accelerate the investment prospect of the country by controlling the budget deficit of the nation. This economic strategy boosts up the level of consumption through the payment to careers and pensioners in a lump sum amount (Corsetti et al. 2016). This procedure would help the home owners to achieve the courage of more investment in the real estate market. Moreover, the development in infrastructure sector stimulates the economy to restore from the situation of recession. This procedure would help to increase the production capacity of the country by which the unemployment rate can be diminished (Wisman 2013). Apart from this, the above factors implemented by the Federal government of Australia accomplish the aggregate demand of the economy through which the amount of strategic investment can be increased. This also restores the future surpluses of this country. In short, with the help of implementing the strategy of Economic Security by this government in this current scenario, the country can be able to move up from the slow down condition of the economy by improving the GDP growth rate of the economy along with raise in consumption level and investment portion (Budget.gov.au. 2016). In this perspective, the Reserve Bank of Australia has taken a suitable measure in order to mitigate the issues of the recession of the economy which is acceptable and profitable for this country. The RBA provides a sufficient amount of loans so that the citizens of the nation can make direct purchases that will help to support the market. The government induced the Australian office of financial management to make a purchase of either a mortgage for the residential purpose or an amount of $8 billion that will act as securities (rba.gov.au. 2016). The government of Australia further uses strategies that help to provide the guarantees for stabilizing the internal market raise the debt of the banks and reduce the chances of running on the banking system. The investors are able to withdraw the funds from the bank as the liabilities are of short-term nature, and there are risk factors for the holders of the toxic assets. In the words of Eichengreen (2015), the financial crisis of an economy ensures the reduction of the negative amount of credit flows towards the business and consumers which enhance the significant amount of diminishing house prices and share indexes. As a result, due to loss of the wealth and properties, the desperate want to invest more amount of money and consume more by the business person and consumers falling severely. This situation would lead to further falls the economy along with a stagnant condition of the market. In this perspective, to mitigate this issue and improve the current economic condition, the Reserve Bank of Australia applies an appropriate strategy such as lowering the rate of interest which may boost up the economy (rba.gov.au. 2016). As opined by Nielsen (2016), by lowering the interest rate in the economy, the reserve bank of any concerned country can boost up the market as the investors are intended to invest more amount of money for acquiring more profit and revenue. In this context, the RBA has done the same procedure which helps to recover the nation from the slow down growth rate position. Figure 3: Aggregate demand and supply curve showing the stagnation of the economy Source: (As created by author) As commented by Eichengreen (2015), as per the Keynesian theory, the above figure depicts the fact of stagnation of the economy. Due to the stagnation of the economy for existing depression, the aggregate supply curve shifts leftward for which output has drastically fallen along with the higher rate of unemployment and increase in prices of the goods and services (Shiller 2012). In this context, RBA accomplishes the strict monetary policy as well as suitable fiscal measures to control the unemployment rate. The RBA cut the cash rate of 3% and lowers the interest rate on 425 bases of the point. This would lead to reducing the cost amount of borrowing and increase the planned aggregate of expenditure. As a result, the equilibrium point of the short run can be recovered by increasing the output, discretionary income of the household and increased the amount of spending (Fratzscher 2012). Conclusion: By referring to the above analysis, it can be concluded that the global financial crisis has severely affected the world economy along with the Australian economy. The entire world faces recession in the market by which the rate of unemployment increases and lowers the output level of the nation. Moreover, the foreign trade has affected badly. Due to market recession in the economy, the aggregate demand for goods and services fall and the trading partners of the Australia lower their demand for importable goods. As a result, net exports fall and the condition of balance of trade is not so much significant. Apart from this, to correct the situation and boost up the economy, the Federal government of Australia and RBA has taken appropriate measures. In this context, RBA cuts the interest rate which ensures to invest more in the market. It would help to increase the aggregate demand of the market along with raising the power of borrowing and spending. On the other hand, the Australian g overnment has taken the strict monetary and fiscal policy such as economic security, improvement in a financial institution and lowers the unemployment rate. In short, the taken strategies of RBA and the Australian government will help to increase the GDP of the country. Reference list: ABC News. (2009).Making sense of the global downturn. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-05-07/making-sense-of-the-global-downturn/1675556 [Accessed 13 Sep. 2016]. Budget.gov.au. (2016).2008-09/content. [online] Available at: https://www.budget.gov.au/2008-09/content/myefo/html/part_2.htm [Accessed 14 Sep. 2016]. Coibion, O., and Gorodnichenko, Y., 2015. Is the Phillips curve alive and well after all? Inflation expectations and the missing disinflation.American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics,7(1), pp.197-232. Corsetti, G., Mavroeidi, E., Thwaites, G. and Wolf, M., 2016.Step away from the zero lower bound: Small open economies in a world of secular stagnation(No. 1645). Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge. Eichengreen, B., 2015. Secular stagnation: the long view.The American Economic Review,105(5), pp.66-70. Fratzscher, M., 2012. Capital flows, push versus pull factors and the global financial crisis.Journal of International Economics,88(2), pp.341-356. Gal, J., 2013. Notes for a new guide to Keynes (I): wages, aggregate demand, and employment.Journal of the European Economic Association,11(5), pp.973-1003. Lowy Institute for International Policy. (2016).The Global Financial Crisis. [online] Available at: https://www.lowyinstitute.org/issues/global-financial-crisis [Accessed 13 Sep. 2016]. Mavroeidis, S., Plagborg-Mller, M., and Stock, J.H., 2014. Empirical evidence on inflation expectations in the New Keynesian Phillips Curve.Journal of Economic Literature,52(1), pp.124-188. Nielsen, R.W., 2016. The growth of the world population in the past 12,000 years and its link to the economic growth.Journal of Economics Bibliography,3(1), pp.1-12. Rao, B.B. ed., 2016.Aggregate demand and supply: a critique of orthodox macroeconomic modeling. Springer. rba.gov.au. (2016).education/economics-competition/2009/pdf/first-year. [online] Available at: https://www.rba.gov.au/education/economics-competition/2009/pdf/first-year.pdf [Accessed 14 Sep. 2016]. Shiller, R.J., 2012.The subprime solution: how today's global financial crisis happened, and what to do about it. Princeton University Press. Sirkeci, I., Cohen, J.H. and Ratha, D. eds., 2012.Migration and remittances during the global financial crisis and beyond. World Bank Publications. Taylor, J.B., 2013.Getting off track: How government actions and interventions caused, prolonged, and worsened the financial crisis. Hoover Press. Wisman, J.D., 2013. Wage stagnation, rising inequality and the financial crisis of 2008.Cambridge Journal of Economics,37(4), pp.921-945.